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Fahimeh Karimpour; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; Vahid Akbarpour
Abstract
Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant ...
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Agricultural sector is the largest consumer of fresh water worldwide. Therefore, finding a suitable alternative for the use of fresh water in agriculture can be a key solution to future water crisis issues. Application of saline water by using appropriate methods can be an option for irrigating salt-tolerant plants. One of these methods may be magnetizing irrigation water. In the present study, to investigate the effect of magnetized water on the fresh and dry weight, as well as the essential oil of the medicinal plant Maryam Goli (Salvia L.), a pot experiment was conducted in an open space using a factorial design and completely randomized layout with four replications. The experimental treatments included salinity of irrigation water prepared from different concentrations of Caspian Sea water (30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% mixing with well water) and a control treatment (well water), in both magnetic and non-magnetic conditions. Due to rainfall during the growth season, at the end of the experiment, the saturation extract salinity (EC) of the soil corresponding to the control treatment and the 30%, 50%, 70%, and 100% water mixtures were 3.15 (I0), 3.65 (I1), 4.55 (I2), 4.75 (I3), and 5.06 (I4) dS/m, respectively. The results showed that, in the I4 treatment, both the dry and fresh weights of the plant decreased by 40% and 25%, respectively. However, regarding the effect of magnetized water, the results indicated that in saline treatments with soil EC less than 3.65 dS/m (I0 and I1), use of magnetized water prevented a significant decrease in the weight of Maryam Goli plant shoots. Furthermore, the research results demonstrated non-significant changes in the essential oil of Maryam Goli plant due to irrigation with different salinities as well as magnetic water. Based on the results, it is recommended that irrigation management of Maryam Goli plants using magnetized saline water be carried out in such a way that the saturation extract salinity of the soil does not exceed 3.65 dS/m during the growing season.
Amir Hossein Yadollahi; Mojtaba Khoshravesh; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi
Abstract
The crisis of water scarcity is the main reason for the reduction of crops and the lack of human food needs in the countries located in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the methods used to increase the yield and water productivity is the use of low irrigation and magnetized water technology. The purpose ...
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The crisis of water scarcity is the main reason for the reduction of crops and the lack of human food needs in the countries located in arid and semi-arid regions. One of the methods used to increase the yield and water productivity is the use of low irrigation and magnetized water technology. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of regulated deficit irrigation with magnetized water on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pea (Pisum sativum L.). The present research was performed on a farm located in Aghuzbon Village, Mazandaran Province, Iran. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The control treatment included full irrigation (FI) at all stages of the plant growth with normal water (non-magnetized). The main factor included non-magnetized water (W1) and magnetized water (W2), and the sub-factor included irrigation levels (I1=100%, I2=80%, and I3= 60% of crop water requirement). For irrigation, the trickle irrigation system with tape pipes was used. The results showed that the effect of irrigation water type and irrigation level as well as their interaction on parameters of pod per plant, seed per pod, grain yield, and water use efficiency were significant (p<1%). The highest pods per plant, seed per pod and grain yield in W2I1 treatment were 13.2, 7.5, and 8.472 t. ha-1, respectively, and the highest water use efficiency was observed in the W2I3 as 3.7 kg.m-3. On average, irrigation with the magnetized water increased grain yield and water productivity by 8.6% and 8.7%, respectively, compared to the non-magnetized water treatment. Also, the effect of type of irrigation water and irrigation level on oil, oil yield, protein, protein yield and germination time had a significant effect at 1% probability level, but had no significant effect on the ripening time. Also, 20% increase in irrigation level from I3 to I2 and from I2 to I1 in non-magnetized water treatment caused increase of the grain yield by 14.5% and 18%, respectively, while in magnetized water treatment, yield increased by 14.2% and 13.6%, respectively. The fastest germination time was related to W2I2 with 10.3 days after planting. In general, it can be concluded that irrigation with magnetized water can be a good way to increase yield, improve quality characteristics, and increase water use efficiency of green pea plant.
7
Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; Zahra Bagheri Khalili; Mohammad-Amin GhaleNovi
Abstract
Measuring the actual evapotranspiration rate of rice is too much important, in terms of appropriate and optimal water management of the Northern provinces in Iran. The present study aims to measure the actual evapotranspiration rate for two Shiroudi & Hashemi cultivars of rice, in Sari Agricultural ...
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Measuring the actual evapotranspiration rate of rice is too much important, in terms of appropriate and optimal water management of the Northern provinces in Iran. The present study aims to measure the actual evapotranspiration rate for two Shiroudi & Hashemi cultivars of rice, in Sari Agricultural and Natural Resources University’s paddy fields. For this propose, six drainage lysimeters were designed and constructed. After cultivating rice inside the designed lysimeters, the amount of precipitation, water content and deep percolation, were measured during 5-days periods. Investigation of the lysimeter results, shows difference between water requirement and also deep percolation of the two studied cultivars, in growth period (seeding to harvest steps); so that in these phases, water requirement rates was 350.81 & 396.67 millimeters and the deep percolation was 47.81 & 97.11, for the cultivars Shiroudi and Hashemi, respectively. Also the crop coefficient was obtained from the adaption of the lysimeter’s actual evapotranspiration and 14 indirect methods of reference evapotranspiration estimation, for the both cultivars. Considering the cultivar and estimating method, the crop coefficients are reported as the ranges 0.73-1.12 for the initial stage, 0.83-1.41 for the middle stage and 0.64-1.15 for the final stage. Also, the average estimation Error Percentage (PE) of the resulted crop coefficients compared to the recommended coefficients of FAO-Penmann56 method, is 11, 11 & 8 for Hashemi cultivar and 15, 23 & 16 for Shiroudi cultivar, in initial, middle and final stages respectively; which shows the necessity of extracting crop coefficients, for different cultivars under different local conditions. The obtained coefficients of the current study can be useful to calculate the water requirements of Hashemi and Shiroudi cultivars based on indirect estimation methods, for designing water projects, water delivery planning and also the irrigation and drainage networks in the research area.
aliasghar aghabeigi; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mahmoud raeini; Mohammadreza Yazdani
Abstract
Management of soil and water resources and sustainable development of agriculture by increasing rice yield and water productivity has high importance. Consolidation of paddy fields is one of the solutions for this purpose. In this regard, this research aimed to investigate role of consolidation projects ...
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Management of soil and water resources and sustainable development of agriculture by increasing rice yield and water productivity has high importance. Consolidation of paddy fields is one of the solutions for this purpose. In this regard, this research aimed to investigate role of consolidation projects in paddy fields on water productivity. The research was done in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh, in Guilan Province, on paddy fields in 3 situations (upland, middle land, and lowland) and 2 farm types (traditional and consolidated), with 5 replications, during 2015 and 2016 . The data on rice yield and different water productivities were analyzed based on double split plot with Tuckey mean analysis method. The results showed that average yield of traditional and consolidated fields were 3958 and 3901 kg ha-1, respectively, without any significant difference. In traditional fields, the gross productivity based on evapotranspiration alone and evapotranspiration plus percolation was, respectively, 3% and 3 % more than those in the consolidated fields. However, net productivity based on evapotranspiration alone, evapotranspiration plus percolation, and water use in consolidated fields was, respectively, 50%, 51%, and 54% more than in traditional fields. Therefore, planning and implementing consolidation projects on paddy fields can increase water productivity.
fatemeh jafari sayadi; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mirkahlegh ziyaeetabar ahmadi
Abstract
Water demand is one of the most effective factors in irrigation scheduling. In evapotranspiration formulas, crop coefficient (Kc), as a representative of different plants characteristics, is of great importance. Calculating this coefficient using the existing methods and formulas is costly and time-consuming, ...
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Water demand is one of the most effective factors in irrigation scheduling. In evapotranspiration formulas, crop coefficient (Kc), as a representative of different plants characteristics, is of great importance. Calculating this coefficient using the existing methods and formulas is costly and time-consuming, and results are point-specific. However, nowadays, calculation methods that provide large- scale Kc values are of interest. The methods based on remote sensing have been welcomed by many researchers. The objective of the present study was calculating crop coefficient (Kc) and leaf area index (LAI) of rice in different growing stages, using OLI sensor. In this regard, data LAI of two rice fields (areas of 15 and 65 hectares) located in north part of Sari, Iran, were used in two growing seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016). The average Kc at transplantation, tillering, heading, and maturity stages was, respectively, 0.92, 1.24, 1.19, and 1.12, showing that Kc had a good correlation with NDVI at different stages (r>0.97). According to the results, NDVI is a good estimator for rice Kc. In addition, Rice Growth Vegetation Index (RGVI) in all growing stages had a correlation coefficient r>0.93. RGVI is considered as a good estimator of LAI. Approximately at all growing stages, except heading, more than 93% of LAI changes were predicted by RGVI. Generally, it can be concluded that the most suitable indices for estimating Kc and LAI of rice are NDVI and RGVI, respectively.
zahra bagheri khalili; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mojtaba khoshravesh; jamal abbas palangi
Abstract
Nitrate is one of the worldwide pollutants of groundwater and surface water, which affects human and livestock health at high concentration levels in water resources. Among the different techniques of nitrate removal, adsorption method has attracted attention, due to simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and ...
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Nitrate is one of the worldwide pollutants of groundwater and surface water, which affects human and livestock health at high concentration levels in water resources. Among the different techniques of nitrate removal, adsorption method has attracted attention, due to simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and efficiency. In this research, the effect of variables pH (4, 6, and 8), flow rate (8, 11, and 16 mL/min), bed height (40, 50, and 60 cm), and column diameter (45, 57, and 67 mm) were investigated on nitrate removal from aqueous solutions by modified zeolites column. The BET analysis was used to determine the specific surface and diameter of the pores. Structure and morphology of zeolite was determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). For modification of zeolite levels, the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide solution with concentration of 25 mM was used. The agricultural drainage water with concentration of 80 mg L-1 nitrate was artificially prepared by dissolving potassium nitrate salt in distilled water in the laboratory. The result of the analysis showed that the zeolite sample was from the clinoptilolite type, with specific surface area and mean pore diameter of 11.984 m2g-1 and 15.295 nm, respectively. The results also showed that changes in pH, flow rate, bed height, and column diameter on different indexes of breakthrough curve were significant at 5% level. The maximum adsorption rate occurred at pH=6, while the maximum adsorption efficiency (65.24%) occurred at pH= 8. The reduction of the flow rate caused increase in nitrate removal efficiency, but the highest amount of adsorption (0.2 mg g-1) occurred at a flow rate of 11 mL/min. The highest amount of absorption and removal efficiency occurred at the bed height and column diameter of 60 cm and 67 mm, respectively.
aliasghar aghabeigi; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi; mahmoud raeini; mohammadreza yazdani
Abstract
Rice is the second most important staple food after wheat in the world, and Iran has an annual production of 2 M tons. Due to water scarcity problems and high water consumption in paddy fields and the need to increase irrigation water productivity, a lot of paddy fields are consolidated in the Northern ...
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Rice is the second most important staple food after wheat in the world, and Iran has an annual production of 2 M tons. Due to water scarcity problems and high water consumption in paddy fields and the need to increase irrigation water productivity, a lot of paddy fields are consolidated in the Northern provinces of Iran every year. In consolidation projects, soil is displaced by leveling practice, and then the content of soil chemical elements will be changed. This study was aimed to investigate the role of consolidation projects in paddy fields on soil and drainage water quality. The research was conducted in Astaneh Ashrafiyeh in Guilan Province on traditional and consolidated paddy fields in 3 situations (upland, middle land, and lowland) with 5 replication, in 2016. The soil and outlet/drainage water chemical properties were analyzed based on split plot design with Tucke’s mean analysis method. The soil physical and chemical characteristics results showed that the amount of SAR, Cl, NO 3 and SO 4 in consolidated fields were significantly different than that in traditional fields. The amount of SP and OC of soil in consolidated fields were, respectively, 22% and 11%, more than that in traditional fields, and available potassium was 2% less than traditional farms. Also, the amount of SAR and Cl and NO 3 of outlet water in consolidated fields were, respectively, 14%, 23%, and 49%, more than that in traditional fields. All soil mineral components, other than clay, land had less uniformity in levelled lands than traditional lands. Uniform distribution of mineral components in levelled lands can be effective in improving irrigation and nutrition management of plants. In addition to infrastructural changes, the leveling of rice paddies also causes changes in physical and chemical conditions of the soil, as well as changes in the quality of drainage water, which should be considered in agricultural management and reuse of outlet drainage water in downstream farms.
Meysam Ramezani; Shokoofeh Salehi; Abdolmajid Liaghat; Mohammad Ali Gholami Sefidkouhi
Abstract
Soil water retention curve (SWRC) is necessary for many studies, such as unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and solute transport in porous media. However, its direct measurement is time consuming and expensive. In this study, an optimization method was developed in order to estimate soil water retention ...
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Soil water retention curve (SWRC) is necessary for many studies, such as unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and solute transport in porous media. However, its direct measurement is time consuming and expensive. In this study, an optimization method was developed in order to estimate soil water retention curve from limited measured points, such as water contents at field capacity and permanent wilting point. The main advantage of this method is that it is database independent. Three data sets including 156 soil samples from Belgium and Iran were used. Using van-Genuchten water retention model with restriction m=1-1/n and assuming residual water content to be equal to zero, vG model parameters such as and were optimized using two measured points and, consequently, SWRC was estimated (proposed method). Bulk density was used in order to estimate porosity in this method. In addition to the proposed method, ROSETTA model was applied to estimate vG model parameters and SWRC from sand, silt, and clay contents, bulk density, and water contents at field capacity and permanent wilting point. The MR, RMSE and AIC values for the proposed method were -0.00084, 0.031 and -8636 (cm3.cm-3) and for ROSETTA method were -0.037, 0.051 and -7327 (cm3.cm-3), respectively. Comparison of estimated SWRC using the proposed and ROSETTA method showed that the developed optimization method estimated SWRC more accurately than ROSETTA model.